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Cædmon's Hymn

Recently I listened to a podcast on Cædmon's Hymn which uncritically recounted the usual orthodoxies about both the poem and its history, compounded with a subpar recitation in its original language - this on a podcast by someone purporting to be an expert on the subject. These are not original sins however, because they begin with the source material, which doesn't even bother with the Anglo-Saxon at all. Disencumbered of the usual beliefs, because an overlooked vital clue is in plain sight, we set out to investigate further and discovered the truth is more interesting.

Find out more at CaedmonsHymn.com

stPatrick

The first known copy of Cædmon's Hymn appears in the bottom margin of this c. 800 page from Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis anglorum.

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Easter Hymn


Descant to the hymn tune EASTER HYMN. Free score with harmonized descant.choir part, and ad lib prologue. In this audio: Prologue, hymnal verse, and harmonized descant. Score with parts and passagework for brass quintent, timpani and organ also available. Free score. 

1 hymnal
Jesus Christ is risen today, Alleluia!
our triumphant holy day, Alleluia!
who did once, upon the cross, Alleluia!
suffer to redeem our loss, Alleluia!

4. descant
Sing we to our God above, Alleluia!
praise eternal as his love, Alleluia!
praise him, all ye heavenly host, Alleluia!
Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, Alleluia!

The tune EASTER HYMN was first published in the 1708 volume, Lyra Davidica, with the title The Resurrection. The composer is unknown. The older of the two English texts commonly sung to this tune, 'Jesus Christ is risen today,' is based on a 14th C. Latin hymn found in a manuscript from Munich, Surrexit Christus hodie, the English translation hewing closely to the original. A later manuscript from Breslau includes a verse - Mulieres o tremulae - alluding to the first witnesses, the women who came to the tomb:

Haste ye women from your fright
take to Galiliee your flight.
To the sad disciples say
Jesus Christ is risen today.

Unlike the staid metrical psalm settings predominating English hymnody, EASTER HYMN incorporates more variety, with melismatic Alleluias assigned to the congregation. The tune is English in origin, appearing first in tune-and-bass score only, which would not be unusual in the figured bass era, and later as a faburden (tune in the tenor). It was immediately popular, and other musical adaptations were common until it took its final form in Hymns Ancient & Modern (1861). The first English translation appeared together with the tune, and underwent several modifications, concluding with the additon of a doxology in 1882. Charles Wesley wrote the the text 'Christ the Lord is risen today' in 1739 in A Collection of Tunes, Set to Music, As They Are Commonly Sung at the Foundery, an abandoned facility that was the home of London's first Wesleyan congregation, the prosody more consonant with the pietistic sensibilities of the time, less didactic than its ancient forbear.

[Instrumental version for brass quintet and timpani, with prologue and bridge available.]

Credits / sources
Glory to God: A Companion, Carl P. Daw Jr. (Louisville, Kentucky : Westminster John Knox Press, 2016)
Lyra Davidica (1708), Archive.org, p.11
An Annotated History of Hymns, J.R. Watson, ed. (Oxford University Press, 2002)

Updated: Oct 2022 - corrected a single parallel that resulted in a lot of notes moving around.

For Jesus Christ is risen today (Lyra Davidica, 1708)

For Christ the Lord is risen today (Charles Wesley 1739)

Descant verse (Jesus Christ is risen today):

Sing we to the Lord above

praise eternal as his love;

praise him, all ye heavenly host, Alleluia!

Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, Alleluia!

– st. 4 Charles Wesley (1707-1788)

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Lasst uns erfreuen


TWO HYMNS: Ye watchers and ye holy ones and All creatures of our God and king.
AUDIO: Organ ad lib - hymnal verse - free harmonization - SATB adapted to RVW - descant. Remastered...again. Free score. 

1 harm. RVW
All creatures of our God and king
lift up your voice and with us sing
Alleluia, alleluia!
Bright burning sun with golden beam,
Pale silver moon with softer gleem,
O praise him, O praise him
Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia!

2. alt. harm.
Sweet flowing water pure and clear
make music for your Lord to hear:
Alleluia, alleluia!
Fire so intense and fiercely bright,
you give to us both warmth and light.
O praise him, O praise him
Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia!

3 a cappella
All you with mercy in your heart:
forgiving others do your part:
O sing now, alleluia!
All you that pain and sorrow bear
praise God and cast on him your care!
O praise him, O praise him
Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia!

4. descant
Let all things their creator bless,
and worship him in humbleness:
O praise him, alleluia!
Praise God the Father, praise the Son,
and praise the Spirit - Three in One.
O praise him, O praise him
Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia!

This tune was the setting for the Easter hymn, Lasst uns erfreuen herzlich sehr, which celebrates the resurrection narrative from the perspective of Mary. It first appeared in the Jesuit hymnal Ausserlesene Catholische Geistliche Kirchengesänge (Cologne, 1623, ed. Friedrich Spee), and the setting quickly produced variants regarding the distribution of the alleluias. German literature usually attributes authorship of both the text and the tune to the collection's editor. As a poet and hymnologist, the attribution to him of the text is plausible; however there are no first-hand references to support an assertion of composition. Moreover, opening phrase comes from a 1525 hymn tune, GENEVAN 68 / OLD 113TH .[1]  Authoritative English language sources rarely cite the earlier provenance, although a thoroughly-researched discussion can be found on the  Hymn Society of Great Britain and Ireland website.

Ye watchers and ye holy ones is a text of particularly Anglo-Catholic gravitas by Athelstan Riley which first appeared in the English Hymnal (1906). It was based on the 3rd C.Te deum and 4th C. Axion estin,2 a Greek hymn to Mary opening with familiar words to Anglican Book of Common Prayer, "It is truly meet..." The hymn All creatures of our God and King is a paraphrase of St. Francis' Cantico di frate sole, a 'laude' written not in Latin but in vernacular Italian; it is sometimes refered to as Canticle of the Sun.3 It was rendered into English verse by William Henry Draper (1855-1933) for a procession at a children’s festival prior to it's publication in The Public School Hymn Book (1919), and is one of the best loved hymn settings across many denominations. Despite erroneous attrubutions to others, the anonymous 9th C. Frankish office hymn, Aurora lucis rutilat became Light's glittering morn from John Mason Neale's prolific works of translation.4 It has been configured into three subsequent hymns, e.g., "That Easter day with joy was bright," and some thumb-puzzle reconfigurations into other versions.

References

1Daw, Carl P., Jr. Glory to God: A companion, Westminster John Knox Press, 2016 (Louisville KY), p.18.

2Axion estin, Wikipedia (retr. 2020)

3C. Michael Hawn, History of Hymns (UMC Discipleship Ministries): Saint Francis' "Canticle of the Sun" inspires 20th-century hymn

4Michael Martin, Aurora lucis rutliat, Thesaurus Precum Latinarum (website)

A congregational arrangement for two trumpets, two trombones, horn and timpani is available,including a Paschal version with the text from the 9th C. hymn, 'Light's glittering morn bedecks the sky.' It can be prepared with any text, and produced in US or A4 format. Link to audio demo of the brass version.

Ye watchers and ye holy ones

Both sets include harmonized descant score, and separate choir parts for the descant and ad lib a cappella verse. Updated 10/24

All creatures of our God and King

Descant verse (The Hymnal 1982):

Let all things their Creator bless,
and worship Him in humbleness,
   O praise him, Alleluia!

Praise God the Father, praise the Son,
And praise the Spirit, Three in One,
   O praise him, O praise him, Alleluia, Alleluia, Alleluia!

– Francis of Assissi, adapt. William Draper.

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Your donation in any amount support for the incidental costs of hosting a website that contains almost entirely free resources for the performance of this literature.

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Sine nomine

Audio: Prologue / hymnal RVW 'A' / Three alternate harmonization (A, B, C) / (brief ad lib) / hymnal RVW 'B' / Descant (D). This includes new material, a substantial revision to the descant organ part, and remastered audio.

1 harm. RVW
For all the saints who from their labors rest,
who thee by faith before the world confessed
thy name O Jesus, be forever blest,
Alleluia, alleluia!

2. alt. harm. ('A')
O may thy soldiers, faithful, true, and bold,
fight as the saints who nobly fought of old,
and win with them the victor's crown of gold
Alleluia, alleluia!

3 a cappella. alt. harm. ('B')
O blest communion, fellowship divine,
we feebly struggle, they in glory shine,
yet all are one, in thee for all are thine,
Alleluia, alleluia!

4. meditation ('C')
And when the strife is fierce, the warfare long,
steals on the ear the distant triumph song;
and hearts are brave again, and arms are strong:
Alleluia, alleluia!

5 RVW (second harm.)
But lo there breaks a yet more glorious day;
the saints triumphant rise in bright array.
the King of glory passes on his way.
Alleluia, alleluia!

6. Descant
From earth's wide bounds, from oceans' fathest coast,
through gates of pearl streams in the countless host
singing to Father, Son, and Holy Ghost:
Alleluia, alleluia!


Free score. 

William Walsham How's text For all the saints was published in 1864, and predates the tune with which it is today iconically paired, Ralph Vaughan William's SINE NOMINE, which appeared in the 1906 English Hymnal, of which the prolific Vaughan Williams was music editor and contributor. The tune wraps six unison verses around two harmonized verses, bridged with Alleluia refrains. There were originally eleven stanzas, but three of them - for the apostles, the evangelists, and martyrs - do not appear in most hymnals. The use is for a processional hymn in observance of the Solemnity of All Saints. The word saint is of French derivation, a cognate of the Latin sanctus, holy. (The Old English word for holy is hallowed, as in 'hallowed be thy name,' and for the night before this feast, All Hallows Eve.)

The tune SINE NOMINE is one of four original hymnal settings by Ralph Vaughan Williams, introduced in the 1906 English Hymnal and written specifically for this text; it replaced a tune he grouped with other offenders "to an appendix at the end of the book, which he nicknamed the 'Chamber of Horrors.'" In one measure of SINE NOMINE, a change in the baseline was introduced in the 1933 edition (v.1, under 'rest,' to create a suspension). Sine nomine is Latin for 'without a name,' and though this is a case of Vaughan Williams - who published the tune anonymously - trolling the future, it is nevertheless reminiscent of the lectionary for the Feast of All Saints, "And there are some who have no memorial, who have perished as though they had not lived; they have become as though they had not been born, and so have their children after them." (Ecclesiasticus 44)  The Charles Villiers Stanford tune ENGELBERG (When in our music God is glorified) was also written for this text, appearing in two years earlier in the 1904 edition of Hymns Ancient & Modern.

The 'soldier' metaphor

In the Anglican doctrine of the Communion of Saints, Christ's church on earth is consdered to be the Church Militant, the assembly of the faithful gathered in great numbers (lit. 'thousands', the mili of militant). The faithful that that have gone before is the Church Triumphant. These comprise a whole, the Communion of Saints, the word communion itself of Augustinian coinage meaning 'together one.' It includes all the faithful, as Walsham How makes explicit in the verse

O blest communion, fellowship divine!
We feebly struggle, they in glory shine;
Yet all are one, and all in thee are thine, Alleluia!

In terms of historical linguistics, there is an interesting double entendre. Before it became uniquely associated with soldiers, milito more generally meant 'one who serves,' a meaning we hear an echo of when we say to a member of the armed forces "Thank you for your service." Soldiers both serve and assemble in thousands. With the loss of verses dedicated to Apostles, Martyrs, and the Evangelists, the hymn loses the counterbalance of the Church Triumphant, the milia milium (thousands upon thousands, the countless heavenly host) who will return with Christ at the end of time.

Who (or what) is a saint?

The definition of saint, and of the Feast of All Saints, is rather a muddle. The observance emerged in the late 4th C. as a collective feast for the martyrs (on May 13); in the 8th century, Gregory III declared the date of Nov. 1 to commemorate the lives and relics "of the holy apostles and of all saints, martyrs and confessors, of all the just made perfect who are at rest throughout the world." This has a universal ring to it - all the faithful at all times and in all places, a reading largely preserved in the Reformation tradition. But in strict liturgical tradition, the Nov. 1 date became reserved for Mary, the martyrs, apostles, and saints canonized in the Roman tradition; Nov. 2 emerging as the Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed, or All Souls Day. Bishop How, the people's bishop working in London's industrial East End, considered the entire church militant to be the saints, all who serve as a soldier with countless others (thousands) to be saints, their status determined by faith and service alone, not the decision of a conclave of luminaries:

 

 


Build your own concertato with the prologue and any of three alternate hamonizations (one of which may be sung a cappella). Free pdfs:

 

From earth's wide bounds, from ocean's farthest coast,

through gates of pearl streams in the countless host,

singing to Father, Son, and Holy Ghost:

Alleluia, Alleluia!

– William Walsham How, 1864

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Your donation in any amount support for the incidental costs of hosting a website that contains almost entirely free resources for the performance of this literature.

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Moscow

Descant to the hymn tune MOSCOW. Free score with harmonized descant for three hymns with separate choir part.Free score. 

1 unsion
Thou, whose almighty word
chaos and darkness heard,
and took their flight;
hear us, we humbly pray,
and, where the Gospel day
sheds not its glorious ray,
let there be light!

 

3. satb (study)
Spirit of truth and love,
lifegiving holy Dove,
speed forth thy flight!
Move on the waters' face
bearing the gifts of grace,
and, in earth's darkest place,
let there be light!

4 descant
Holy and blessed Three,
glorious Trinity,
wisdom, love, might;
boundless as ocean's tide,
rolling in fullest pride,
through the world far and wide,
let there be light!

 

MOSCOW is one name (among many) given to a hymn tune by the 18th C. Italian violinist Felice de Giardini and published as an alternative to "An Hymn to the Trinity," Come thou almighty king, a text that appears to be a parody of God save our gracious king. The tune made its first appearance in 1769, and is more frequently published as ITALIAN HYMN, occasionally as TRINITY, and sometimes by additional names. Three very popular hymns are sung to it: Come thou almighty king, Thou whose almighty word, and Christ for the world we sing. There are variants among the variants, and though the broad outlines of the tune are consistent, small but important details differ. The arrangement here is based on a version of MOSCOW that appeared Hymnal 1916 (also published in Hymnal 1940 and Hymnal 1982), merged from the version in Hymns Ancient and Modern (1871) and an earlier harmonization by Lowell Mason (1822). This is an almost exclusively Anglican variant.

The hymn Thou whose almighty word was composed in 1813 by John Marriott, at whiles rector or curate in parishes in the south of England. It is a splendid text that may be his only surviving piece of poetry. Christ for the world we sing was authored by minister and missionary Samuel Wolcott in 1869, following a conference of an Ohio chapter of the YMCA in his church; the refrain derives from a slogan used on a banner at that conference. The text Come thou almighty king is sometimes attributed to Charles Wesley, but there is no extant record linking the text to the prolific writer (and parodist) Wesley, thus it is officially (and probably) anonymous.

Several full-score comparison hymnal page scans can be found on The Hymnary website (scroll to the bottom). The Hymnal 1982 Companion cites additional names for this tune: BENTINCK, FAIRFORD, FLORENCE, GIARDINI'S and HERMAN.

 

Updated: November 2018

Thou whose almighty Word

 

Come thou almighty King
Christ for the world we sing

John Marriott, 1813

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Your donation in any amount support for the incidental costs of hosting a website that contains almost entirely free resources for the performance of this literature.

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